Topical formulations of chloroprocaine and methods of using same

ABSTRACT

Topical dosages and formulations of chloroprocaine and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are provided that are efficacious, chemically stable and physiologically balanced for safety and efficacy, particularly during ophthalmic procedures or in response to ophthalmic abrasions or trauma.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to topical dosage forms and formulations of chloroprocaine for inducing local anesthesia and analgesia, that are therapeutically effective, chemically stable, and particularly useful for short ophthalmic medical procedures

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

Topical anesthetics are marketed without prescription for the relief of various conditions including sunburn, minor burns, insect bites and stings, poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac, and minor cuts and abrasions. They are also used during minor surgical procedures. Dentists use them to numb oral tissue before injecting a local anesthetic; ophthalmologists use them to numb the surface of the eye when performing minor surgeries and medical procedures; and otolaryngologists use them when performing procedures in the ear canal. Molecules approved as topical anesthetics in the United States and Europe include lidocaine, benzocaine, prilocaine, and oxybuprocaine, among others.

Chloroprocaine HCl is a short acting spinal anesthetic that is available in Europe and the United States in injectable dosage forms. It it approved in Europe for surgical procedures up to 40 minutes, and in the United States for intrathecal use and for the production of local anesthesia by infiltration and peripheral nerve block. An intrathecal injectable formulation is reported in U.S. Pat. No. 8,969,412 to Sintetica S.A. This formulation comprises chloroprocaine HCl, sodium chloride, and enough hydrochloric acid to impart a pH of from 3 to 4. The patent also reports that it is important when manufacturing chloroprocaine dosage forms to work in an oxygen free environment purged with nitrogen, to prevent degradation of the chloroprocaine. Other injectable formulations of chloroprocaine are reported in the FDA-approved prescribing information for Nesacaine®. These formulations contain chloroprocaine HCl (1-3%), sodium chloride, and optionally disodium EDTA dehydrate and methylparaben. The molecule has never been approved in a topical formulation, presumably because it is highly hydrophilic and does not pass through the skin.

Despite these existing treatments, there remains a need for topical anesthetics, particularly for formulations that are clear and sterile and suitable for use in ophthalmic procedures. These formulations should be characterized by:

-   -   a consistent anesthetic effect with no significant patient to         patient variability;     -   predictable duration of anesthetic effect; and     -   a short duration of action particularly for use in short medical         procedures. Chloroprocaine HCl has never been manufactured in a         topical dosage form and could be attractive, particularly if the         stability and manufacturing issues with the molecule could be         overcome.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

After extensive research and experimentation, the inventors have developed topical formulations and dosage forms of chloroprocaine with a well-defined anesthesia profile, that are both stable and clear, and particularly suitable for use in minor ophthalmic surgeries and procedures. Thus, in a first principal embodiment the invention provides a topical formulation for inducing local analgesia or anesthesia comprising: (a) a therapeutically effective amount of chloroprocaine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for inducing said local analgesia or anesthesia; (b) one or more thickening agents; and (c) water.

A particularly suitable thickening agent is hydroxyethyl cellulose which, it has been discovered, exerts a stabilizing influence on the chloroprocaine. Whereas chloroprocaine must normally be handled in an oxygen-free environment purged with an inert gas such as nitrogen to prevent degradation of the chloroprocaine, the inventors have discovered that chloroprocaine formulated with hydroxyethyl cellulose does not require purging with an inert gas.

Other embodiments derive partly from the consistent anesthetic effect and duration of action of the formulations, and medical uses enabled thereby. Thus, in still another embodiment the invention provides a method of inducing local analgesia or anesthesia in a mammalian subject in need thereof comprising topically administering to said mammal a formulation of the present invention.

Additional advantages of the invention are set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions and Use of Terms

Throughout this application, various publications are referenced. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. The references disclosed are also individually and specifically incorporated by reference herein for the material contained in them that is discussed in the sentence in which the reference is relied upon.

As used in the specification and claims, the singular forms a, an, and the include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, the term “a pharmaceutical excipient” refers to one or more pharmaceutical excipients for use in the presently disclosed formulations and methods.

When used herein the term “about” will compensate for variability allowed for in the pharmaceutical industry and inherent in pharmaceutical products, such as differences in product strength due to manufacturing variation and time-induced product degradation. In one embodiment the term allows for any variation which in the practice of pharmaceuticals would allow the product being evaluated to be considered pharmaceutically equivalent or bioequivalent to the recited strength. In another embodiment the term allows for any variation within 5% of the recited strength or concentration of the formulation.

The terms “treating” and “treatment,” when used herein, refer to the medical management of a patient with the intent to cure, ameliorate, stabilize, or prevent a disease, pathological condition, injury, or disorder (collectively “disorder”). This term includes active treatment, that is, treatment directed specifically toward the improvement of a disorder, and also includes causal treatment, that is, treatment directed toward removal of the cause of the associated disorder. In addition, this term includes palliative treatment, that is, treatment designed for the relief of symptoms rather than the curing of the disorder; preventative treatment, that is, treatment directed to minimizing or partially or completely inhibiting the development of the disorder; and supportive treatment, that is, treatment employed to supplement another specific therapy directed toward the improvement of the disorder.

As used herein, “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount sufficient to elicit the desired biological response. The therapeutically effective amount or dose will depend on the age, sex and weight of the patient, and the current medical condition of the patient. The skilled artisan will be able to determine appropriate dosages depending on these and other factors in addition to the present disclosure.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable” means that which is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable and includes that which is acceptable for veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical use. “Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” means salts that are pharmaceutically acceptable, as defined above, and which possess the desired pharmacological activity.

When a weight of an active ingredient is given without reference to the free base or salt of the active ingredient, it will be understood that the weight can refer to the weight of the free base or the weight or the entire salt. In like manner, when the molecule can exist as a hydrate, and the weight of the molecule is given, it will be understood that the weight can be refer to the weight of the hydrate or the weight of the molecule without the waters of hydration.

When ranges are expressed herein by specifying alternative upper and lower limits of the range, it will be understood that the endpoints can be combined in any manner that is mathematically feasible. Thus, for example, a range of from 50 or 80 to 100 or 70 can alternatively be expressed as a series of ranges of from 50 to 100, from 50 to 70, and from 80 to 100. When a series of upper bounds and lower bounds are related using the phase and/or, it will be understood that the upper bounds can be unlimited by the lower bonds or combined with the lower bounds, and vice versa. Thus, for example, a range of greater than 40% and/or less than 80% includes ranges of greater than 40%, less than 80%, and greater than 40% but less than 80%.

When percentages, concentrations or other units of measure are given herein, it will be understood that the units of measure are weight percent unless otherwise stated to the contrary.

Discussion of Principal Embodiments

The invention can be defined based on several principal embodiments which can be combined in any manner physically and mathematically possible to create additional principal embodiments.

In a first principal embodiment the invention provides a topical formulation for inducing local analgesia or anesthesia comprising: (a) a therapeutically effective amount of chloroprocaine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for inducing said local analgesia or anesthesia; (b) one or more thickening agents, preferably hydroxyethyl cellulose; and (c) water.

In a second principal embodiment the invention provides a topical gel for inducing local analgesia or anesthesia comprising: (a) a therapeutically effective amount of chloroprocaine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for inducing said local analgesia or anesthesia; (b) one or more thickening agents, preferably hydroxyethyl cellulose; and (c) water.

In a third principal embodiment the invention provides an ophthalmic topical gel for inducing local analgesia or anesthesia comprising: (a) a therapeutically effective amount of chloroprocaine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for inducing said local analgesia or anesthesia; (b) one or more thickening agents, preferably hydroxyethyl cellulose; and (c) water.

In a fourth principal embodiment the invention provides a method of manufacturing the formulation of the present invention comprising admixing chloroprocaine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, one or more thickening agents, a pH adjuster, and water to make a formulation.

In a fifth principal embodiment the invention provides a method of inducing local analgesia or anesthesia in a mammalian subject in need thereof comprising topically administering to said mammal a formulation of the present invention.

Discussion of Formulation Subembodiments

The invention can further be understood with reference to various subembodiments which can modify any of the principal embodiments. These subembodiments can be combined in any manner that is both mathematically and physically possible to create additional subembodiments, which in turn can modify any of the principal embodiments.

Suitable dosage forms for the formulations of this invention include gels, lotions, ointments, pastes and creams. The weight concentration of the chloroprocaine in the formulation will typically range from 1% to 5%, or from 2% to 4%, but most often will be approximately 3%. The chloroprocaine will typically be present as a salt, and this concentration will typically be based on the weight of the entire salt, although these percentages could also be used based on the weight of the free base. A particularly preferred salt for the formulations of the present invention is the hydrochloride salt.

The thickening agent is also an important component of the formulation for ensuring the stability of the formulation and its utility in medical applications, particularly ophthalmic applications. The thickening agent preferably yields a clear formulation, yet is easily processed to produce a product with appropriate viscosity and handling characteristics. Suitable thickening agents include, for example, cellulose derivatives, natural gums, and inorganic compounds. More particular examples include methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, xanthan gum, guar gum, pectin, aluminum silicate, magnesium aluminum silicate, silica, and combinations thereof.

Hydroxyethyl cellulose has proven especially useful in the formulations of the present invention, at weight concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 2.5%. A preferred weight concentration of hydroxyethyl cellulose ranges from 0.25% to 2.0% by weight hydroxyethyl cellulose, or from 0.75% to 1.75%, with 1.0%, or 1.5% most preferred.

The formulations also benefit from the addition of a pH adjusting agent to prevent hydrolysis of the chloroprocaine. The pH of the formulations will preferably be reduced to a pH of from 1 to 6, from 2 to 5, or from 3 to 4 by the pH adjusting agent. Suitable pH adjusting agents for use in the formulations include hydrochloric acid, lactic acid, citric acid and tartaric acid, with hydrochloric acid most preferred. In concentration terms, hydrochloric acid equivalent to from 0.05% to 0.35% or from 0.10% to 0.25% 1N hydrochloric acid is typically added to the formulations, preferably from 0.13% to 0.17% 1N hydrochloric acid.

The formulations are aqueous-based formulations. The water used in the formulations is preferably purified and degassed through nitrogen bubbling or other suitable technique.

In any of the embodiments of the present invention, including the particular embodiments described in the immediately succeeding paragraphs:

-   -   the concentration of chloroprocaine HCl in the formulation can         be 2-4 wt %, 2.5-3.5 wt %, or about 3.0 wt %;     -   the viscosity of the formulation can be 300-1500 mPas, 600-1400         mPas. 500-900 mPas, 600-750 mPas, 900-1500 mPas, or 1100-1400         mPas. I.e., hydroxyethyl cellulose can be added in an amount         (q.s.) needed to achieve any of the foregoing viscosities;     -   the concentration of hydroxyethyl cellulose in the formulation         can be 0.25-2.0 wt %, 0.5-1.5 wt %, 0.6-1.4 wt %, 0.5-1.0 wt %,         0.6-0.9 wt %, 0.7-0.8 wt %, 0.8-1.2 wt %, or 0.9-1.1 wt %;         and/or     -   the pH of the formulation can be 2.5-4.5 pH, 2.8-3.8 pH, or         3.0-3.4 pH. I.e., HCl can be added in an amount (q.s.) needed to         achieve any of the foregoing pH levels.

In one particular embodiment, the formulation of the present invention comprises from 2% to 4% by weight chloroprocaine HCl; from 0.25 to 2.0% hydroxyethyl cellulose; hydrochloric acid q.s. to pH from 2.8 to 4.0 and purified water q.s. to 100%.

In another particular embodiment, the formulation of the present invention comprises from 2% to 4% by weight chloroprocaine HCl; from 0.6 to 0.9% hydroxyethyl cellulose; hydrochloric acid q.s. to pH from 2.8-4.0; and purified water q.s. to 100%.

In another particular embodiment, the formulation of the present invention comprises from 2% to 4% by weight chloroprocaine HCl; from 0.8 to 1.2% hydroxyethyl cellulose; hydrochloric acid q.s. to pH from 2.8-4.0; and purified water q.s. to 100%.

In another particular embodiment, the formulation of the present invention comprises from 2% to 4% by weight chloroprocaine HCl; hydroxyethyl cellulose q.s. to 600-1400 mPas; hydrochloric acid q.s. to pH from 2.8 to 4.0; and purified water q.s. to 100%.

In another particular embodiment, the formulation of the present invention comprises from 2% to 4% by weight chloroprocaine HCl; hydroxyethyl cellulose q.s. to 500-900 mPas; hydrochloric acid q.s. to pH from 2.8 to 4.0; and purified water q.s. to 100%.

In another particular embodiment, the formulation of the present invention comprises from 2% to 4% by weight chloroprocaine HCl; hydroxyethyl cellulose q.s. to 600-800 mPas; hydrochloric acid q.s. to pH from 3.0 to 3.4; and purified water q.s. to 100%.

In another particular embodiment, the formulation of the present invention comprises from 2% to 4% by weight chloroprocaine HCl; hydroxyethyl cellulose q.s. to 900-1500 mPas; hydrochloric acid q.s. to pH from 2.8 to 4.0; and purified water q.s. to 100%.

In another particular embodiment, the formulation of the present invention comprises from 2% to 4% by weight chloroprocaine HCl; hydroxyethyl cellulose q.s. to 1100-1400 mPas; hydrochloric acid q.s. to pH from 3.0 to 3.4; and purified water q.s. to 100%.

In a particularly preferred embodiment the formulation of the present invention comprises 3% by weight chloroprocaine HCl; from 0.25 to 2.0% hydroxyethyl cellulose; hydrochloric acid in a volume equivalent to 0.17% to 0.13% 1N hydrochloric acid; and purified water q.s. to 100%.

The formulations can also be characterized by other features. For example, in any of the embodiments of this invention the formulation is preferably sterile. In addition, in any of the embodiments the formulation preferably has a viscosity of from 100 to 12000 mPas or from 1000 to 10000 mPas, or from 4000 to 9000 mPas, as measured by a BrookField DV II+Pro 2 or 3 speed Spindle at 100 rpm, as described in section 2.2.10 of the European Pharmacopeia 2016 edition. The formulation also is preferably either clear or translucent.

Methods of Treatment

The formulations of the present invention can be used in any method that topical anesthetics have historically been used, although they have particular utility in ophthalmic applications. The formulations have been found effective for inducing local anesthesia or analgesia on the corneal surface, and can be used during ocular surgery or in response to a corneal abrasion or trauma. Particularly suitable surgeries for practicing the present invention include, for example, cataract surgery, treatment for maculopathy, conventional glaucoma surgery, vitrectomy, surgeries for diabetic nephropathy, and various laser surgeries including laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis and photorefractive keratectomy.

The formulations induce local analgesia or anesthesia in the eye, and they do so without inducing significant irritation.

Methods of Manufacture

The formulations of the present invention can be manufactured using conventional manufacturing techniques as described, for example, in REMINGTON: THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF PHARMACY (22d edition), although several discoveries have been made to improve their manufacture.

For example, it has been discovered the the formulations can be handled in the presence of air, without nitrogen purge. Thus, for example, the finished formulation can be filled into suitable containers such as sachets, tubes, jars and vials, in the presence of air.

While the drug product can be packaged in various packaging formats, a preferred packaging format is a monodose presentation that contains approximately 0.5 to 2 grams of gel. For example, the drug can be packaged in a small envelope of opposing sheets sealed around their periphery that is torn at one end before use, and the gel squeezed from the container. A preferred package is a low density polyethylene monodose vial such as the 1840 H LDPE from LyondellBasell Industries N.V., Rotterdam Netherlands.

In addition, the inventors have developed a sterilization process for the drug solution, prior to mixing with the gel excipients. This is achieved using filtration sterilization for the drug solution through a hydrophilic cartridge having a pore width of from 0.22 to 0.45 microns.

In one subembodiment, which is particularly suitable for making higher viscosity formulations, the process of admixing all of the formulation ingredients is divided into several discreet steps comprising (a) admixing said one or more thickening agents, said pH adjuster, and water to make a placebo matrix, (b) thermally sterilizing the placebo matrix, (c) admixing chloroprocaine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof with water and optionally a pH adjuster to prepare a drug solution, (d) sterilizing said drug solution by filtering said drug solution through a filter having a pore width of from 0.22 to 0.45 microns, and (e) mixing the placebo matrix and the drug solution to make said formulation.

In this subembodiment one or all of the following conditions can be observed:

-   -   the chloroprocaine can be dissolved in water at about 40° C. to         a concentration of 0.06-0.1 g/mL to ensure the chloroprocaine is         fully solubilized without precipitation.     -   the chloroprocaine/water solution can be acidified with HCl at         about 40° C. soi that the stability or solubility of the         chloroprocaine is unaffected; thus not affecting neither API         degradation nor its solubility.     -   the placebo matrix can be allowed to cool prior to the addition         of the drug solution.     -   the chloroprocaine/water solution can be transferred via         sterilizing filtration towards the hydroxyethyl cellulose         solution/placebo matrix.     -   the residuals in the vessel used to mix the chloroprocaine and         water can be washed with around 5% of the water and added back         to the chloroprocaine/hydroxyethyl cellulose mixture.

Regardless of the manufacturing method, hydroxyethyl cellulose is the preferred thickening agent, in an amount which imparts the desired viscosity, and hydrochloric acid (1N) is the preferred pH adjusting agent, the process preferably comprises admixing 3% by weight chloroprocaine HCl, 0.25 to 2.0% hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydrochloric acid q.s. to pH 3.0-4.0 (or in a volume equivalent to 0.17% to 0.13% 1N hydrochloric acid) and purified water q.s. to 100% to make the formulation.

Examples

In the following examples, efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.) but some errors and deviations should be accounted for. The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how the methods claimed herein are made and evaluated, and are intended to be purely exemplary of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention.

Example 1. Manufacture of Formulations

Using the raw materials described in Table 1a, 3% chloroprocaine gels having the formulations in Tables 1b and 1c were manufactured as follows:

TABLE 1a Raw Material Listing Raw material - trade name Phase Purified Water A Hydroxy ethylcellulose (Natrosol 250M B Pharma ™) Chloroprocaine Hydrochloride C Hydrochloric Acid 1N D

In a suitable mixing machine equipped with a stirrer and homogenizer, B was added in small portions to A under stirring until a homogeneous gel formed without undispersed particles. If necessary, the mixture can be heated up to 60° C. The mixture was then cooled under stirring until it reached a temperature of 25-28° C. C was then added and stirred until complete formation of a homogenous gel without undispersed particles. The pH was then adjusted to 2.70-4.00 by the addition of D, and the mixture was sterilized through a sterile filter having a pore size of from 0.22 to 0.45 microns.

TABLE 1b Formulation 1 Raw materials Purpose % Purified Water Solvent 96.330 Hydroxy ethylcellulose Thickening agent 0.500 Chloroprocaine Hydrochloride Active Pharmaceutical 3.000 Ingredients Hydrochloric Acid 1N pH modifier 0.170 Total 100.000

TABLE 1c Formulation 2 Raw materials Purpose % Purified Water Solvent 95.850 Hydroxy ethylcellulose Thickening agent 1.000 Chloroprocaine Hydrochloride Active Pharmaceutical 3.000 Ingredients Hydrochloric Acid 1N pH modifier 0.150 Total 100.000

A similar formulation could be prepared, using an even higher concentration of hydroxyethyl cellulose (such as 1.5%), using substantially the same proportions of excipients as formulations 1 and 2, and the methods described herein.

Example 2. Alternative Manufacturing Method and Formulations

Using the raw materials substantially as described in Table 1a, 3% chloroprocaine gels having the formulations in Table 2b were manufactured according to the process flow chart given in Table 2a:

TABLE 2a Process flow chart: In-process In-process controls API controls Gel API phase Gel phase phase phase Addition of about 40% Addition of about of water for injection 40% of water for injection Cooling at 40 ° C. Cooling at 40 ° C. Addition of Addition of Chloroprocaine and hydroxyethyl stirring up to complete cellulose and dissolution stirring up to pH adjustment at 3.0 complete Aspect, pH, Aspect, viscosity, with HCl 1N dissolution bioburden bioburden Sterilizing filtration Sterilization by heat Integrity test on (F₀) filter Transfer

In-process controls Completion with pH, viscosity missing water quantity Clarification filtration (45 micron) Filling Fill weight Secondary Leak test packaging

TABLE 2b Formulations Trial number E08 E09 E10 E11 E12 E13 Components Proportions (m/m) % Chloroprocaïne HCL 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Natrosol * 1.0 0.75 1.5 1.25 1.0 1.15 Purified water (gel 41.0 41.0 41.0 41.0 41.0 41.0 phase) Purified water 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 (API phase) Purified water ~5.0 ~5.0 ~4.5 ~4.75 ~5.0 ~5.0 (washing) HCl (1N or 10%) Up to pH 3.0-4.0 * H or HHX grade depending on the targeted viscosity (H for E08, HHX for other trials)

Viscosity of the formulations described in Table 2B was measured by a BrookField DV II+Pro 2 or 3 speed Spindle at 100 rpm, as described in section 2.2.10 of the European Pharmacopeia 2016 edition. Results of viscosity measurements are reported in Table 3c.

TABLE 3c Viscosity Measurements E08 E09 E10 E11 E12 E13 Viscosity (mPas) 660 660 More than 2320 1308 1577 3500 Industrial feasibility Yes Yes Not likely Not likely Yes Yes likely

Example 3. Formulation Stability Studies

The formulations described in Tables 1b and 1c were tested for stability after six months of storage at 20° C.±5° C. protected from light in two types of packaging: glass packs and glass vials with butyl set and aluminum crimp sealer. Methods for performing the stability analyses are described in Table 3a. The results of the stability testing are reported in Table 3b.

TABLE 3a Test Items and Analytical Procedures Test Item Analytical Procedure Appearance visual pH (as is) pH metro: MetrOhm 744 (Rif DM12); Ref. Ph Eur 2.2.3 current edition Viscosity (mPas) BrookField DV II + Pro Spindle, 100 rpm Ref. Ph Eur 2.2.10 current edition* Chloroprocaine HCl Assay % HPLC Impurity ACBA % (HPLC) HPLC Impurity Hydroxyprocaine HPLC % (HPLC) Unknown impurity HPLC Total impurities % (known + HPLC unknown) (HPLC) *A 2-speed spindle was employed for the 90 mPas formula 1; a 3-speed spindle was employed for the 400 mPas formula 2.

TABLE 3b Formulation 1 Stability T_(6mo) (before T_(6mo) (after Test T₀ sterilization) sterilization) Appearance passes passes passes pH 3.6 3.2 not checked chloroprocaine HCl (%) 105.48 103.88 104.10 total impurities (%) 0.402 0.679 0.653

TABLE 3c Formulation 2 Stability T_(6mo) (before T_(6mo) (after Test T₀ sterilization) sterilization) Appearance passes passes passes pH 3.39 3.21 not checked chloroprocaine HCl (%) 107.18 111.47 105.72 total impurities (%) 0.408 0.727 0.662

Example 3. Efficacy Study in Rabbits

The anesthetic effect of chloroprocaine HCl formulations following a single instillation in albino rabbits was evaluated using the below-described protocol. Eighteen animals were included in this study and divided into 6 groups of three animals each. The test formulations, negative control formulation and positive control were instilled (50 μL per administration) in the right eyes on Days 1 and 5, in the left eyes on Day 2. The formulations tested are described in Table 3a.

TABLE 3a Test Formulations Group No. Treatment Animal Nos. 1 3% Chloroprocaine HCl Gel (Formulation 1) 1, 2, 3 2 3% Chloroprocaine HCl Gel (Formulation 2) 4, 5, 6 3 5% Chloroprocaine Gel 7, 8, 9 4 3% Chloroprocaine HCl Liquid 10, 11, 12 5 Negative control (NaCl 0.9%) 13, 14, 15 6 Positive control Cebesine ® (0.4% 16, 17, 18 Oxybuprocaine HCl solution)

The study was organized into two stages: Stage 1 determined the smallest stimulus (i.e. threshold length of nylon thread) necessary to induce a blinking reflex in the animals after instillation of each of the treatments. Several lengths of nylon were tested to determine the shortest length. This stage gave an idea of the intensity of anesthetic power of each compound at 5 and 15 minutes, and identified a single thread length (2.1 cm) for use in the next stage.

Stage 2 evaluated the duration of anesthesia using the selected threshold. All treatments were evaluated except animals treated with test item 3, due to intolerance observed with the 5% dose. The duration of anesthesia for each group was tested with the same length of nylon thread determined in stage 1, so that the mechanical stimulus intensity was the same for all groups. This stage evaluated the start of effect and duration of effect at a given level of mechanical stimulus.

Formulations 1 and 2 were well tolerated in spite of their low pH. In stage 1, formulations 1 and 2 were the most efficient test items (comparable to positive control) in terms of depth of anesthesia followed by formulation 4. In stage 2, an anesthesia effect was observed, from 5 minutes after the instillation, until 45 minutes for formulation 1, 60 minutes for formulation 2, 20 minutes for formulation 4, and 90 minutes for Cebesine®. No anesthetic effect was observed for the negative control. Based on these tests, an even more viscous formulation with a longer duration of action, using for example 1.5% or 2% hydroxyethyl cellulose, could also be used.

Other Embodiments

Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims. 

1) A topical formulation for inducing local analgesia or anesthesia comprising: a) a therapeutically effective amount of chloroprocaine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for inducing said local analgesia or anesthesia; b) one or more thickening agents; and c) water. 2) A topical gel formulation for inducing local analgesia or anesthesia comprising: a) a therapeutically effective amount of chloroprocaine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for inducing said local analgesia or anesthesia; b) one or more thickening agents; and c) water. 3) An ophthalmic gel formulation for inducing local analgesia or anesthesia comprising: a) a therapeutically effective amount of chloroprocaine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for inducing said local analgesia or anesthesia; b) one or more thickening agents; and c) water. 4) The formulation of any of the foregoing claims for inducing local analgesia or anesthesia without inducing significant irritation or toxicity. 5) The formulation of any of the foregoing claims for inducing local anesthesia or analgesia on the corneal surface during ocular surgery or in response to a corneal abrasion or trauma. 6) The formulation of any of the foregoing claims comprising from 2% to 4% by weight chloroprocaine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 7) The formulation of any of the foregoing claims comprising from 2% to 4% by weight chloroprocaine HCl or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 8) The formulation of any of the foregoing claims comprising about 3% by weight chloroprocaine HCl. 9) The formulation of any of the foregoing claims wherein said thickening agent is selected from the group consisting of cellulose derivatives, natural gums, and inorganic compounds. 10) The formulation of any of the foregoing claims wherein said thickening agent is selected from the group consisting of methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, xanthan gum, guar gum, pectin, aluminum silicate, magnesium aluminum silicate, silica, and combinations thereof. 11) The formulation of any of the foregoing claims wherein said formulation comprises from 0.5% to 1.5% by weight hydroxyethyl cellulose. 12) The formulation of any of the foregoing claims wherein said formulation comprises from 0.6% to 1.4% by weight hydroxyethyl cellulose. 13) The formulation of any of the foregoing claims further comprising an acidic pH adjusting agent. 14) The formulation of any of the foregoing claims further comprising an acidic pH adjusting agent in an amount sufficient to impart a pH of from 2.8 to 3.8 to the formulation. 15) The formulation of any of the foregoing claims further comprising an acidic pH adjusting agent in an amount sufficient to impart a pH of from 3.0 to 4.0 to the formulation. 16) The formulation of any of the foregoing claims further comprising hydrochloric acid, lactic acid, citric acid and tartaric acid. 17) The formulation of any of the foregoing claims further comprising hydrochloric acid in an amount sufficient to impart a pH of from 2.8 to 4.0 to the formulation. 18) The formulation of any of the foregoing claims comprising hydroxyethyl cellulose in an amount sufficient to impart a viscosity of from 300 to 1500 mPas. 19) The formulation of any of the foregoing claims comprising: a) 3% by weight chloroprocaine HCl; b) 0.6% to 1.4% hydroxyethyl cellulose; c) hydrochloric acid q.s. to pH 2.8-4.0; and d) purified water q.s. to 100%. 20) The formulation of any of the foregoing claims comprising: a) 3% by weight chloroprocaine HCl; b) hydroxyethyl cellulose q.s. to 600-1400 mPas; c) hydrochloric acid q.s. to pH 2.8-4.0; and d) purified water q.s. to 100%. 21) The formulation of any of the foregoing claims wherein the formulation is sterile. 22) The formulation of any of the preceding claims wherein the water is water degassed by nitrogen bubbling. 23) The formulation of any of the foregoing claims having a viscosity of from 300 to 1500 mPas, as measured by a BrookField DV II+Pro Spindle 3 at 100 rpm, as described in section 2.2.10 of the European Pharmacopeia 2016 edition. 24) The formula of any of the foregoing claims in the form of a gel, lotion, ointment, paste or cream. 25) The formulation of any of the foregoing claims in the form of a monodose package comprising from 0.5 to 2 grams of gel. 26) The formulation of any of the foregoing claims which is clear or translucent. 27) The formulation of any of the foregoing claims capable of passage through a hydrophilic cartridge having a pore width of from 0.22 to 0.45 microns at 40° C. to 70° C. under pressure from air or nitrogen. 28) A method of manufacturing the formulation of any of the foregoing claims comprising admixing said chloroprocaine or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, said one or more thickening agents, a pH adjuster, and said water to make a formulation. 29) The method of claim 28 comprising: a) admixing said one or more thickening agents, said pH adjuster, and water to make a placebo matrix, b) thermally sterilizing the placebo matrix, c) admixing chloroprocaine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof with water and optionally a pH adjuster to prepare a drug solution, d) sterilizing said drug solution by filtering said drug solution through a filter having a pore width of from 0.22 to 0.45 microns, and e) mixing the placebo matrix and the drug solution to make said formulation. 30) The method of claim 28 or 29 comprising admixing 3% by weight chloroprocaine HCl, 0.25 to 2.0% hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydrochloric acid q.s. to pH 2.8-4.0, and purified water q.s. to 100% to make the formulation. 31) The method of claim 28, 29, or 30, further comprising filling said formulation into containers in the presence of air. 32) The method of claim 31, wherein said containers are monodose containers comprising from 0.5 to 2 grams of gel formulation. 33) A method of inducing local analgesia or anesthesia in a mammalian subject in need thereof comprising topically administering to said mammal the formulation of any of claims 1-27. 34) The method of claim 33 for inducing local analgesia or anesthesia without inducing significant irritation or toxicity. 35) The method of claim 33 or 34 for inducing local anesthesia or analgesia on the corneal surface during ocular surgery or in response to a corneal abrasion or trauma. 36) The method of claim 33, 34 or 35, for inducing local anesthesia or analgesia on the corneal surface during cataract surgery, treatment for maculopathy, conventional glaucoma surgery, vitrectomy, surgeries for diabetic nephropathy, or laser surgery. 